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Horizontal Agreements In Eu
By Zach Arnold | December 10, 2020
Therefore, horizontal cooperation agreements between competitors which, on the basis of objective factors, would not be able to carry out the project covered by the cooperation or the activity covered by the cooperation independently. B, for example, because of the limited technical possibilities of the parties, will generally not have restrictive effects on competition within the meaning of Article 101, paragraph 1, unless the parties have been able to implement the project with less stringent restrictions. Nor can the agreements be covered by the E.E. class exemption regulation, regardless of the market power of the parties. This is the case, for example, with agreements that unduly restrict a party`s access to the results of research and development cooperation. The D.R. Class Exemption Regulation provides a specific exemption from this general rule for academic institutions, research institutes or specialized companies that provide research and development services and do not operate in the industrial operation of research and development results. However, agreements that are not covered by the R and; (d) and which include exclusive rights of access for exploitation purposes may, if they fall under Article 101, paragraph 1, meet the criteria of Article 101, paragraph 3, particularly where exclusive access rights are necessary for economic purposes, given the market, risks and extent of the investments required to exploit the results of research and development. Separate bilateral negotiations method: revision of amendments with 73 partner countries representing 340 bilateral agreements. A horizontal agreement can therefore reduce the decision-making independence of the parties and thereby increase the likelihood that they will coordinate their behaviour in order to achieve a collusive outcome, but it can also make coordination simpler, more stable or more effective for parties that have already coordinated before, either by making coordination more robust or by allowing them to obtain even higher prices.
Note: EU external aviation policy: why does the EU want to change air agreements between its member states and partner countries? Market power is a matter of degree.
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